Thinking Activity : Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Thinking Activity : Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Task given by Sir,

                                            



            Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian writer whose works range from novels to short stories to nonfiction. She is novelist, short story writer, non- fiction writer.

Notable works :-

1. Purple Hibiscus (2003)
2. Half Of a Yellow Sun (2006)
3. Americanah (2013)
4. We Should All Be Feminists (2014)

She also won MacArthur Fellowship award in 2008.

1. Talk on importance of story / Literature :-
=> In this video she talks identity. She talks about that how identity is connected with our culture, colour of skin. Through this identity markers everybody judges our character. She also refers Chinua Achebe and Camara Laye. Skin colour alos has a part of literature. Through the literature peoples knew the another story. In single story everybody focus on one purseption. And through the writing the another door of vision is opens, and gives a new way.

2. We Should All be Feminist :-
=> She tells that without husband, woman is happy woman. At her time class monitor is big deal. And higher marks is important for the position of monitor. And then she get high marks. But she is girl. That's why she does not get the position of monitor. And one boy who get second, higher marks who became a monitor. And because he is boy. So that's type of difference she faces in childhood. And she also tells that man get more opportunities in comparison of women. Both are equally powerful in work, and skills but man get more benefits in comparison of woman character. Because physical strength is becomes one reason. Those who have strength, who become leader. Leadership connected with strength. But there is change in today's time. Today who became leader who have creative, innovative and intelligent. So time changes everything. That change happens slowly, but it's effect in larger era.

3. Talk on importance of Youth in post - truth Era :-
=> In today's time truth is layered with many false things. Because false is becomes the one part of everyone's life. Everyone speaks, false because of some situations. Some situations, shows it like real. But it's not there. Because in this reality is less, and falsehood is more. Matter of intent and matter of context is necessary.

Thinking Activity :- Thiongo and Tharoor on postcolonial Studies

 Thiongo and Tharoor on postcolonial Studies

                             

About Shashi Tharoor:-

Shashi Tharoor is  Indian politician, writer and a formet career international diplomat. He is  currently serving as member of Parliament, Loksabha from Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala 2009. He also servies as Chaian of the Parliamentry standing committee on external affairs and all India professional Congress.

•  An Era of Drakness :-

                                       


             Tharoor further adds that .... people like Lawrence Jemse  and more -  the bunch about the British writers who actually acquired a fair amount of visibility & even has a best sellers in which they had conducted self justifying, excersises, glorifying empire or of the very least portray through Rose Tincture recipe.

   And in this book he wanted to be able to take their claims which had dangerously gone without reputation for some years and conform that had on which is Shashi Tharoor try to do in this book.

● Then another point he talks upon that ....he himself not agtag or imppsimpos to prove that ..." British had never come to India, then India would be the affluent country.

● He further added that ...he demonstrated in this book that 3 Industries of India which doing very well.

These are:-

1. Textiles
2. Steal
3. Shipbuilding.

And these 3 are systematically and deliberately targeted and destroyed by the British. Its very natural to happen this because ...

For Example:- { Shipbuilding }

So, our (India) ships used to last minimum 20 to 24 years & British - European ships have average maximum 7 years. So , obviously they were delighted to use Indian ships for craftsmanship & wood.

● Then he talks about British who highly regressive loss that continue even today. Low that seduce and deals with Homosexuality also.

● Then he talks about that India got 377, now the irony is the party of Hindutva is betraying is all the instead of Hindu tradition for tolerance of sexualities.

● He made a very important point about the British who being guilty of creating this massive divisions between Hindus and Muslims which continue till even today. British systematically wanted to creating division and played a very deliberate game.

● He write about Nationalism  and difference between nationalism and patriotism then and now also.
   Tharoor says that in Nationalism in that day is an inclusive Nationalism. It embrassesed in everybody's country in any background, religion, language, cast...
   Today's Nationalism is narrow minded one.

Ngugi Wa Thiongo:- who was an African Writer & Professor of English Literature and language in Africa.

" Decolonizing the Mind" the book by Kenyan novelist and Postcolonial theorist Ngugi Wa Thiongo. It is the collection of essay about language & its constructive role in national culture, history and identity.

In this book he talks about..." What language played the role in African Literature?"

So in the Postcolonialism , Resistance is very importan, Resistance is the main buzz word in post colonial. So he said that the another form of to resist language is to
  own it or discard the language totally.

So ,in a way  African Literature resist a lot in this idea.

Literature and Religion:- Northrop Frye's Archetypes and Hinduism as religion is an European Construct

Literature and Religion:- Northrop Frye's Archetypes and Hinduism as religion is an European Construct

This task given by Sir.( sunday reading)

                                            

              Herman Northrop Frye CC FRSC was a Canadian literary critic and and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century. Frye gained international fame with his first book, Fearful Symmetry, which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of William Blake. 

(1) What is Archetypal Criticism? What does the archetypal critic do?

=>    

In literary criticism the term archetype denotes recurrent designs,pattern of action,character-type,themes and images which are identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature,as well as in myths,dreams and even social rituals.

Archetypal critic reads that sines, and try to get meaning and they interpret the meaning.

(2)What is Frye trying prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'?
=>

 Frye compares human emotions with nature. Nature is also important aspect. Nature have different season, like human beings has a different emotion and feelings. Nature constructs people. Nature also affects human beings. So frye compares human being' s emotions with different season.

Spring

The Spring season represents the Comedy.

Summer

The season of Summer represents Romance.

Autumn

The Autumn season represents Tragedy.

Winter

 The season of Winter represents Satire.

(3) Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

=> History is very important to know the present situation, because through the historical lenses we observe the situation and we compares with past. And we get some glimpses, so it becomes helpful and we also compare with present time. And philosophy is also another important aspects. Philosophy also becomes helpful to understands the past. People have different motives, and different perspectives, some are unique and some are similar, so philosophy helps to understands moral values of people. So for literature history and philosophy both are important.

(4) Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

=> Inductive method is about Specific to general. Through the specific understanding we get conclusion of understanding. Example is grave digging scene in Hamlet, Ophelia is dead and both grave diggers digging the grave. This scene is particular, specific scene in the Hamlet. Both digging the grave for them it is routine work, that's why for them there is no pain, no sadness. Because routine works brings a changes in their character. They know the ultimate truth, they talking about life. So this scene is specific but their understanding connects in larger structure  is general structure.

(5) Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method.
=> Deductive method is about general to specific. People have different area of interest that's why choices are different and people have different mind set that's why it depends on human beings. Time by time everything is changing and past becomes trend and present becomes past at a time. People express their emotions, feelings through art. And music and painting both are part of art. Music follows rhythm. Rhythm and sound is a part of music. painting is art of picture. Through the different colors, it creates a picture of life. Sometimes some music and rhythm have deep meaning, so it creates a image. And sometimes some music does not creates image because it is shallow level. Some painting gives deep meaning, but some painting does not gives any meaning. In past time history remains through the different painting. It gives a some knowledge about past. So painting, music are tool to keep past and present situation. Music have also different genre and painting also have different genre, so both are connected with art. So art is general. And music and painting becomes particular part.

(6) Refer to the Indian seasonal grid (below). If you can, please read small Gujarati or Hindi or English poem from the archetypal approach and apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

Language Lab Review

Language Lab Review

            So many times we think to introduce language software in our education system.  But it seems, for that we need some good training.  Though,  we have tried to do practical with this language lab software.

     In our department's lab I learn how it's working language software. 


What is language lab... ?

     In general we can say that it is introduced in the classrooms to teach English language. For that this programme needs various computers, along with appropriate software.  Which provides some other features like,  video,  audio,  writing task and etc. Including all,  it is like an information technology based learning where you needs net connection with computers.

      History of Language Lab...

      The first recorded language lab was established at the University of Grenoble in 1908 Frank Chalfant brought the concept to the United States establishing a 'phonetics lab' at Washington State University in 1911 or 1912. 
       
     Advantages : 

•  Helps in enhancing four basic skills.  
• It provides Test,  So,  learner can evaluate themselves.
• As it has a feature of phonetics, Lerner can develop pronunciation skills. 
• This software, perfectly fits in primary schools. 
• Different levels helps in displaying the standard of students. 

      

     Disadvantages : 

• Take much time to start. 
• Seems quite an old software.  
• It has lots of stuff.
• It is difficult to carry out in all the classes. 
• It should be affordable.      

One Night @ the Call Center

One Night @ the Call Center 

1) Does the novel have social realism?

Yes , let’s see what is social realism. Social realism is a style of art, fiction, movie and play. It describes the daily life of worker and poor people. The artist try to show people and their lives in realistic way. (6) we find that Chetan Bhagat’s characters are not rich person but all the six characters are not poor but a worker, the whole novel deal with day to day life. Not only in business but also in personal life. We find that Syam, where Bhagat deals with day to day life like Love, Promotion, Break up etc. second Priyanka, whose have same problem as Syam like Love, typical mind-set of her mother(About marriage), break up etc. Third is Varun Malhotra, (parents separation, Love etc) Esha Singh (Desire, Love, escape from home etc) Radhika Jha (Marriage problem, household problem, etc) Military Uncle (old age house etc). Thus we can say that this novel is Social Realistic novel.

2) What sort of effect of Globalization is found in on@tcc?

Globalization is the opening of local and nationalistic perspective to a broader out look of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods and services across national frontier globalization has both positive and negative effects, and standers of life and quality of life. We find that call center is the center place, where story moves on. Thus the call center itself is the Company which guide American to use of it, and solve their problem. Thus we can say that Chatan Bhagat wants to give message to the Indian that who working call center (other companies also) they just get good salary but it opportunity to do something else or for their skills and creativity. That way in this novel we find globalization.

3) Comment on Narrative structure of the novel, Compare with that of Life of Pi.

In this novel Chetan Bhagat’s narrative technique  is very important apart from what is told in story ‘how’ part is also very important writer himself was travelling in train from kanpur to delhi, he listen story and that story is told by Shyam, who us character of this novel. That way its narrative technique is very important. Its prologue and epilogue also reflect his good narrative technique. And we can also compare this novel with ‘Life of Pi’. In both the parallel is experience of God. There is  is not clarity about God. One can’t say with surely that God is present or not.

4) What is popular literature? Is on on@tcc popular literature?

We can say that the novel on@tcc is popular literature because it has many elements which show the characteristics of popular literature like plot of Love-break up, Lack of confidence, lack of trust etc.

5) How far can this novel be categorized as cyberpunk?

Cyberpunk is a post modern science fiction genre. Cyber Punk connected with Science and Technology. Cyberpunk plots often center on a conflict among hackers, artificial intelligence and Mega Corporation. The character deals wth cyber technology. Vroom hacks Bakshi’s mail, Syam Hack Priyanka telephone. The american’s are terrorized with the help of bug in MS Office as virus attack in internet. In this novel Characters dealt with Bug, FM Radio, Email, Internet etc so we can say it is classify as Cyberpunk Novel.

Coment upon Dryden's Definition of Drama

Paper no.3

Literary Criticism

Hetal Dabhi

Topic:- Coment upon Dryden's definition of drama

''Just and lively image of human nature,

representing its passions and humours, and the

changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the

delight and instruction of mankind.”

                According to the definition, drama is an ‘image’ of ‘human nature’, and the image is ‘just’ and ‘lively’. By using the word ‘just’ Dryden seems to imply that literature imitates (and not merely reproduces) human actions. For Dryden, ‘poetic imitation’ is different from an exact, servile copy of reality, for, the imitation is not only ‘just’,  it is also ‘lively’.

                  When the group talks about the definition of Drama Lisidieus expresses his views about Drama as “a just and lively Image of Humane Nature.” And then each character expresses his views about Drama and they compare French Drama and English Drama and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of French and English Drama. The debate goes on about the comparison between ancient writers and modern writers. They also discuss the importance of “Unity in French Drama”. So far as the Unities of Time, Place and Action are concerned French Drama was closer to the classical notions of Drama. With the influence of Platonic Dialogues Dryden had designed the group that further discusses the Playwrights such as Ben Jonson, Molière, and Shakespeare with a deeper insight. Crites offers an objection specifically to the use of rhyme as he privileges the verisimilitude of the scene while citing Aristotle. On the other hand, Neander favours the natural rhyme since that, according to him, adds artistry to the plays. It was Twilight when the four friends had their final speech at the Somerset-Stairs and then the four friends parted along their separate ways.

Dryden is a great literary figure of his age. He saw the great plague of 1665; it drove him to Charlton in Wilt-shire where he lived for eighteen months and wrote dramatic poesy. The work is in dialogue form, consisting of four characters, discussing about drama. It was proved a popular literary form and reigned supreme in England during the next seventy-five years. It is an Aristotelian form because several persons with different wits and faculties participate in the discussion and contribute to it by giving or adding their views and ideas. In this dramatic poesy, the center of discussion is drama. Dryden's definition of drama really covers a wide range. It can be applied to heroic poems, epics and romance or dramas. He treats drama as a form of imaginative literature that appeals to poetry.

           According to him, drama is a just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions and humours, and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind. He insists on the words 'Just' and 'lively' image of human nature. In support of the words, it must be admitted that material of all topics is drawn from a society. The society is made of mankind or living things, and without them, society is nothing. Dryden implies word 'Image' as an imitation or appearance of human nature must be just. Just means exact or as it is. It means an exact copy of reality. Dryden is different; he does not like only the slavish or exact copy of reality, but it must be lively. David Diaches expresses that the image of human nature is implied for drama as well as imaginative literature, which shows the acting of people in such a way as to reveal what they are like. He further says that Dryden has used the word 'Image' for the appearance of human actions. The human actions must be just and lively. Plato described the imitation of imitation or copy of the copy. He is not different, but he adds the word 'lively'.

                  In poetic imitation, the word 'Just' is not sufficient, but the word 'Lively' must be added. 'Lively' means interesting. David Diaches interprets it as interesting. R.A Scott James agrees and interprets it as beautiful and so delightful. Such interpretation admits that the poet is a maker or a creator. He finds material, works on and makes it beautiful by heightening its quality. John Dryden gives value to labour. If one reveals it as rough as it was, it must be a rough work with a trivial value. If it is represented lively, the work would be lively, and the poet would be valued.

             Dryden is really a great critic and supporter of imagination. In his age, he is rather different from all the poets. He calls imagination as a special faculty of a creative artist without rules and regulations. It enables the artist to create the work of beauty that makes him distinctive. Indeed, imagination is like a polisher that makes the material elegant. Such labour uplifts its value more and more. In other words, it is more needed to say that imagination is a shaping power. Through it, the poet selects, orders, rearranges and heightens his material. In result, the more distinctive and more beautiful material is achieved. Through imaginative creation, the just images of human nature become lively.

                The writers or creative artists don't hold the imagination of same power. Each has his own, and it brings something different and peculiar in his work. Indeed, it forms the personality of a writer. According to Dryden, it is an inherent element that is found different in Shakespeare, Jonson and Fletcher. Each poet has his own qualities, and through such qualities, their work is analyzed and valued. Dryden admits that Shakespeare writes better between man and man; Fletcher betwixt man and woman. The one describes friendship better and the other love. He is of the opinion that imaginative work gives birth to qualities and peculiarities of a writer; by which he is known in the world of literature. So, such qualities or peculiarities make him more distinctive writer. Actually, he talks about the individual qualities of the creative artists which are named and contrasted. By pursuing such qualities, he accepts Shakespeare as the Homer, or the father of dramatic poets, and Jonson is accepted as the Virgil, or the pattern of elaborate writing. He concludes that he admires Jonson, but loves Shakespeare. All depends on the faculty of imagination. The rich faculty forms rich work and makes the writer eminent.

Arundhati Roy

         Arundhati Roy, full name Suzanna Arundhati Roy, (born November 24, 1961, Shillong, Meghalaya, India), Indian author, actress, and political activist who was best known for the award-winning novel The God of Small Things (1997) and for her involvement in environmental and human rights causes.

Early Life And Career

                  Roy’s father was a Bengali tea planter, and her mother was a Christian of Syrian descent who challenged India’s inheritance laws by successfully suing for the right of Christian women to receive an equal share of their fathers’ estates. Though trained as an architect, Roy had little interest in design; she dreamed instead of a writing career. After a series of odd jobs, including artist and aerobics instructor, she wrote and costarred in the film In Which Annie Gives It to Those Ones (1989) and later penned scripts for the film Electric Moon (1992) and several television dramas.

       The films earned Roy a devoted following, but her literary career was interrupted by controversy. In 1995 she wrote two newspaper articles claiming that Shekhar Kapur’s film Bandit Queen exploited Phoolan Devi, one of India’s most wanted criminals in the early 1980s and a heroine of the oppressed. The columns caused an uproar, including a court case, and Roy retreated from the public and returned to the novel she had begun to write.

Novels And Nonfiction Works

     In 1997 Roy published her debut novel, The God of Small Things to wide acclaim. The semiautobiographical work departed from the conventional plots and light prose that had been typical among best-sellers. Composed in a lyrical language about South Asian themes and characters in a narrative that wandered through time, Roy’s novel became the biggest-selling book by a nonexpatriate Indian author and won the 1998 Man booker prise. 

          Roy’s subsequent literary output largely consisted of politically oriented nonfiction, much of it aimed at addressing the problems faced by her homeland in the age of global capitalism. Among her publications were Power Politics (2001), The Algebra of Infinite Justice (2002), War Talk (2003), Public Power in the Age of Empire (2004), Field Notes on Democracy: Listening to Grasshoppers (2009), Broken Republic: Three Essays (2011), and Capitalism: A Ghost Story (2014). In 2017 Roy published The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, her first novel in 20 years. The work blends personal stories with topical issues as it uses a large cast of characters, including a transgender woman and a resistance fighter in Kashmir, to explore contemporary India. (BRITANNICA)