August : Patriotism and Religious Fervour

Sunday reading : August; Patriotism and Religious Fervour; Shitala satam

Shitala Saatam – Religion Vs Science; Inoculations Vs Vaccination;non-acceptance of intellectuals

August:patriotism and religious Fervour

ShitalaSaatam–  A religious festival of India

Shitala is a folk diety, worshipped largely by many faith in the Indian subcontinent specially in North India, West Bengal, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. In Gujarat continent ShitalaSatam as religious festival is celebrated every year in Shravan month. The mythical story or faith behind this is that this goddess will prevent diseases of small pox.

In a religious country India, earlier it was necessary to connect scientific facts with religious beliefs for making them generalize among people. As a part of religion,everyone is ready to do whatever is being told to them. At that time perhaps it was appropriate but the complication is that even today also after a tremendous progress in the field of science and technology; we used to see ShiatalSatam as a religious festival which was generalized in our mind. Though society pretend to be a modern, but it still not able to rationalize their minds. On the many occasions we see the conflict between religion and science, ShitalaSatam is one of them.

Religion Vs Science

In the ancient time any kind of disease regarded as a punishment from deities, or the work of evil spirit as well as of an effect of a kind of supernatural power. In order to prevent themselves from diseases they believed in worshiping the deities.  As a part of so called tradition people still today also worshiping goddess Sitala by eating a food on previous day as called cold food. 

There is a belief that if anyone make a hot food on the day of ShitalaSatam, goddess Shitala(known to cure poxes) may become furious at them. When the vaccine against smallpox was already invented by Edwad Jenner, why still we have the same belief which was there before 70 years? Very surely everyone know that now because of vaccination diseases of small pox is under controlled yet even they are following the tradition of worshiping diety Shiatala. In south also this festival is organized annually in the month of Sharavan, the muslim community who do not believe in worshiping yet even they be a part of this practise as they were afraid of village god and goddesses as the Hindus.

Inoculation Vs Vaccination

Inoculation generally known as tikah was practised in 17^th century in India. This operation is performed by selected Brahmins only. When the small pox come to maturity, by taking a little pus and then dipping these in the point of a pretty large sharp needle. It was a quite painful as in this they did some puncture in order to get rid of bacterial infection even after the operation they do not allow to eat fish, milk and ghee for the one month from the day of inoculation. In order to succeed operation four collans of water were thrown on the patient early in the morning and was continued till the patient got fever. This traditional method of operation was continued but than even many people killed in India because of small pox.

At Calcutta in mid 18^th century, the yearly death rate from smallpox was around 12,000 per million. It was very common technical operation in India around 17^th century. But as soon as small pox vaccine was discovered in 1798 by Edward Jenner and  was introduced in India under the guidance of Lord Clive, technical inoculation operation was banned under the Bengal Presidency.

Today when we know that, prevention of smallpox is possible only because of vaccine, than even the scientific idea is not accepted very widely. Rather than to praising this scientific advancement still people is trying to connect the religious idea of Sitalasatam with various phenomenon. The new breed of nationalist have connected the idea of eating cold food as it was a practise to overcome deficiency of vitamin B12.

Only by eating a cold food on the day of SitalaSatam, how one can overcome deficiency of vitamin B12?

On the one side people go for vaccine yet even they believe in safeguard of diety Shitala. It showcases that we are not yet able to think rationally. By sticking to particular tradition we are still doing the same which people did at 70 years ago.

August: Patriotism and Religious Fervour

In the August month we have mingling celebration of religious festival and euphoria of 15^th August August is the month full of festivals such as Rakshabandhan, Janmashtmi, Pateti, Bakri-id, Molakat, Gauri Vrat, Divaso and also a deep pooja as it is the month of Shravan which considered as holy month in Hindu Cakander. Almost all the important religion festivals are celebrated in this month. In a way this year also August is full of festivals.

When thinking about Independence day it also reminds about partition which happen along with Independence day. Many controversial post colonial writer write about it in their work. In the Indian history 15^th August, 1947 was marked as Independence day but do it be a independence day in the real sense for Indians. Salman Rushdie highlighted this point in a great manner in his work Midnight's children. This is the day when we also shower our gratitude towards the freedom fighters. K.R.S.Iynger also wrote about it which showcases the real India even after these many years of independence day.

"Freedom had come indeed, but it was not exactly the freedom that our writers of yesterday had dreamed or sung about about or the freedom that generations of patriot had visualized and striven for.It was flawed freedom born in the hour of communal disturbances of unprecedented ferocity and unbelievable bestiality."

Partition by W.H.Auden

Unbiased at least he was when he arrived on his mission,
Having never set eyes on the land he was called to partition
Between two peoples fanatically at odds,
With their different diets and incompatible gods.
“Time,” they had briefed him in London, “is short. It’s too late
For mutual reconciliation or rational debate:
The only solution now lies in separation.
The Viceroy thinks, as you will see from his letter,
That the less you are seen in his company the better,
So we’ve arranged to provide you with other accommodation.
We can give you four judges, two Moslem and two Hindu,
To consult with, but the final decision must rest with you.”

Shut up in a lonely mansion, with police night and day
Patrolling the gardens to keep the assassins away,
He got down to work, to the task of settling the fate
Of millions. The maps at his disposal were out of date
And the Census Returns almost certainly incorrect,
But there was no time to check them, no time to inspect
Contested areas. The weather was frightfully hot,
And a bout of dysentery kept him constantly on the trot,
But in seven weeks it was done, the frontiers decided,
A continent for better or worse divided.

The next day he sailed for England, where he could quickly forget
The case, as a good lawyer must. Return he would not,
Afraid, as he told his Club, that he might get shot.

~W.H. Auden

W.H.Auden in his poem, “Partition” describes a British civil servant Cyril Radclife a man who drew a line which forever divided a country. He know very well that how to divide land in the Indian subcontinent between Muslims and Hindus who hate each other. In a way his poem alludes to the period in the late 1940s when Indians got freedom from Britain but it was not marked by peace of Independence. At that time half a millions paid their lives in the conflict of creating India and Pakistan as separate country.

Expert Lecture on Postcolonial Studies

Reflective blog on Postcolonial study by Dr.Balaji Rangnathan

Reflective blog on Post-colonial study by Dr.Balaji Rangnathan

Dr.DilipBarad sir has organized three days(19to 20 September) guest lecture of Dr.BalajiRangnathan sir from Central University of Gujrat,at department of English, in which sir discussed about various topics of postcolonial studies. During those three days of lactures, BalajiRangnathan has conversed about following mentioned topics;

     1. Black Skin and White mask by Frantz Fanon

     2.    Orientalism by Edward Said

     3.   A Tempest by Amie Cesaire

    4.   Imaginary Homelands by Salman Rushdie

My Understanding of Postcolonial study 

Postcolonialism or postcolonial studies is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands.(Wikipedia)

Generally we define postcolonial is a period of time after colonialism and the literature produced during colonial period may be known as post colonialliterature.It may broadly defined as a study of colonialism on cultures and societies. But the term post colonialism is itself a difficult term, it just can not be defined  or understood as ending of colonialism or even by specific defination of term. Now when we are living in globalization era, the term post colonial is itself connected with globalization.

 What is the difference between state and nation?

In the very first lecture, while preparing us for post colonial study, BalajiRanganathan sir discussed about this question.  What we mean y state is that, it has a geographical limitation and is established by territory as well as the system of power is exercised within a territory. While the nation has not any particular meaning, the notion of nation keeps on coining. The state is reality while the nation is imagination.

Let’s have a look on above mentioned topics with the help of details provided to us in the lectures.

Black Skin and White mask by Frantz Fanon 

In this work Frantoz Fanon, a black man analysed the effects of white colonial laws as well as of social conditioning of black people living in the colonized West Indies. There are 8 chapters in book, in which he argued  that, the effect of colonialism was not only limited as poilitically or culturally damage of people but equally colonisation effect brought out the psychological damage into people because of subjugation.

1.The Negro and language

2.The Woman of colour & The White Man

3.The Man of colour & White Woman

4.The So Called Dependency Complex of the colonized

5.The Lived Experience of the Black Man

6.The Black Man and Psychopathology

7.The Black Man and Recognition

In the first chapter; The Black Man and Language, he argues about correspondence between language, culture, and race. Every culture has their own language which plays a vital role in entering into any culture. Furthermore, he explores how the language was used to bring out the sense of inferiority to black people. There is two reasons behind inferiority complex; Economical and Epidermalization.  

In the very second and third chapters he talks about desire of being a white in order to excess advantages and privileges which white people had already have. This can be shown through the black woman character Mayotte who has desire of whiteness and fairness which was lacking into her. The idea of hybrid identity was also presented through the character of Mayotte.To resist that neglectaion from society she was depended in white man. 

It also showcases that sexuality can not be defined in any particular biological term rather it remains free in universal aspect.Moving towards chapters 4 and 5, in these he argues about racism and inferiority.  Inferiority complex did not naturally arise in black people rather it was imposed in their mind by rascism.In the 6 chapter, he presents the lens thorough which European society used to see black people as animalistic personality as well the blackness was associated with biological idea of reproduction.In the final chapter he ponders on in which way black people were depicted as inferior which brought out the feeling of inferiority as well.

Ode on Oneness literature

Ode on oneness literature

     Hello here I am Share my view on OD On Oneness.So,Lets Discuss in Detail about this thing.

            All literature part of our new idea.It is try to connect each other to us. The oneness of literature is because the writers write it on the base of historical sense and writers also shows their's  own feelings,emotions and problems with various types of archetypal symbols.  Northorpe Frye also talks about the oneness of the world' all literature in his essay 'The Archetypal criticism '. He want to say that DNA of all literature is same.

                                         So, we can say that it is only physical attraction towards opposite gender and it is lust, not love. The lines of Marie's cousin,'hold me tight', is show the lust and sexually attraction. So, in the poem and short story, we find oneness or similarities of literature. 

                                                                        

                So, in short we can say as per Northorpe Frye's essay on 'Archetypal Criticism' about oneness of literature,  that the symbols,emotions, conditions, feelings etc. made literature similar, because writers write on base of historical sense and that's why we find oneness of world's all literature.

Breath

       This Blog is a part of thinking activity given by professor in which students have to interpret the 30 second play 'Breath' by Samuel Beckett.

https://youtu.be/K25ZpAQ4-4M

Here is link you can watch video 

The duration of the play is 30 second only but very worth 30 second to give overall idea of the life. As we all know that 20th century had two world wars and also in the field of literature writers broke the traditional way and gave various theories like Nihilism, Existentialism, dadaism, etc. There are many thinkers who gave the theories of absurdity in the life and among them Samuel Beckett, one who wrote the works on absurdity in life. So, in this short play we can interpret the points like:

• Meaningless Life and death
• Influence of World war
• Philosophical suicide

• Meaningless Life and Death: In the Video we can interpret the breaths with life and death. In the other adopted version we see the light and darkness, so we can connect the light with life and darkness with death. In addition, we can say that life is meaningless like the garbage. rational thinkers have question that what is the meaning of life, why we here, what is the ultimate goal of the life, our existence only to get jobs and earning money or travelling? hence everything is absurd in life, life is meaningless it is spend like the 30 second. People come and go but nothing is permanent.

• Influence of World War:  As we all know that Samuel Beckett wrote the play Waiting for Godot after world war-2, and also many thinkers gave the theory of absurdity to give message that how same people bloodshed and destroyed each other through dangerous weapon. So, in this play we can find that everything lie here and there and destroyed like a garbage. In this way we can connect with the wars in which many countries were destroyed. Hence, we can say that what is the meaning of life if people are doing this kind of thing.

• Philosophical Suicide: I connect this points with the medicine which are showing in the play, many medicine bottle lie here and there almost in every videos. So, we can say that thinkers think that our body is full of disease and without medicine our body does not work then what is the  role of divine power? Therefore, I connected the medicine with the tools of suicide that Existentialist sometime commit philosophical suicide.

Waiting for Godot

Waiting for Godot

 "Waiting For Godot" written by Samuel Beckett in which students task is to watch movie and write their understanding of the movie of the given points by the professor. 

The movie "Waiting for Godot" is directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg. In this 2001 movie, Barry McGovern and Johnny Murphy played Vladimir and Estragon, where as Lucky and Pozzo were performed by Alan Standford and Stephan Brennan, respectively.

Q. What connection do you see in the setting("A country road. A tree. Evening.) of the play and these paintings.

Ans. The setting of the play is inspired by two paintings by Caspar David Friedrich. The title of this painting is 'longing', here longing means deep desire for something. Waiting is connected with longing. In the painting two person see towards sunrise and sunset, it stand for bright hope and despair and in the play we find similar things.

Q. 2 The tree is the only important 'thing' in the setting. What is the importance of tree in both acts? Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act 2 on the barren tree- The tree has four or five leaves?

Ans. The tree is a symbol in the play. Many time tree symbolically presented in the play when Vladimir and Estragon try to be hebetate like tree. So, leaves stand for hope and despair. In first scene tree was destroyed so we can interpret and connect it with world war-2 because this play written just after war and in second act this tree have leaves so it stand for hope and also we can say it is changing nature.

3) In both acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you like to interpret this 'Coming for night and moon' when actually they are Waiting For Godot?

Ans. We can interpret this moon as brightness in the night so, I think Beckett want to convey through this moon's brightness in the night means though the darkness of night there is somewhat hope like the brightness of the moon. So, we should not lost our hope, every day is new day.

4) The director feels the setting with some debris. Can you read any meaning in the contours of debris in the setting of the play?

Ans. The director used debris in the setting. So, it can be the influence of the World war-2 in the material world. Therefore, we can say that the meaninglessness of material world that keep on destroying, nothing is permanent in the life.

5) The play begins with the dialogue "Nothing to be done". how does the theme of 'nothingness' recurs in the play? 

Ans.  "Nothing to be done" reflects the Existentialism. This theory shows that the life is meaningless, whatever you do it has no ultimate meaning. this play starts with this idea of nothingness. Vladimir and Estragon waiting for Godot without knowing that he will come or not, is he exist or not, who is he? unclear theme shows the nothingness of the play.

6) Do you agree: "The play (Waiting for Godot), we agreed, was a positive play, not negative, not pessimistic. As I saw it, with my blood and skin and eyes, the philosophy is: 'No matter what- atom bombs, hydrogen bombs, anything- life goes on. You can kill yourself, but you can't kill life."(E.G. Marshal who played Vladimir in original Broadway production 1950s)?

Ans. Yes, I agree to the point of E.G Marshal that the play waiting for Godot is positive play in the sense of life is goes on we can not stop or kill the time. If we commit suicide or stop our breath it doesn't matter for life. We kill ourselves not the life, it must go on. So, we can say that life is meaningless though we have to live life, this lesson make us positive.

7) How are the props like hat and boots used in the play? What is the symbolical significance of these props?

Ans. Samuel Beckett used many symbols in this play in which Hat and Boot are interesting symbols. We can say that hat represented the intellectual, mental ability and thinking and boot represent lower and physical appearance.

8) Do you think that the obedience of Lucky is extremely irritating and Nauseatic? Even when the master Pozzo is blind, he obediently hands the whip in his hand. Do you think that such a capacity of slavishness is unbelievable?

Ans. Sometimes we can get chance to be free from some constructed situation though we can not grab the opportunity because we are habituated with that constructed situation, it can not permit us to think beyond. Lucky knows well that his master has no power to see anything yet he do not go away from him and serving him without the question of real freedom. It is unbelievable as rational thinker but those who living sheeple's kind of life, they can be driven with the flow without questioning. 

9) Who according to you is Godot? God? An object of desire? Death? Goal? Success? or...

Ans. This play has many way of interpretation. We can interpret this play with every given points. But, according to me Godot is God because when we read the dialogue between boy and Vladimir that time Vladimir asked to the boy that Godot is white? then the boy said yes, so we can say that they talk about Christ. Another interpretation is based on political reading in which we can say that Godot means Hitler because when Vladimir asked to the boy that he is beating or not? then boy replied yes. So, we can connect with the Hitler that he was beating many countries in world war-2.

10) "The subject of the play is not Godot but 'waiting' (Esslin, A search for the self). Do you agree? How can you justify your answer?

Ans. Yes, I agree with the Esslin's point of view in 'A search for the self' that the subject and the main theme of the play is 'waiting' not the Godot. We can see that in the play nothing happen except the meaningless waiting. there is  no one come and go, all the characters only waiting for someone but no one come. So, we can say the heart of the play is waiting not Godot.

11) Do you think plays like this can better be 'read' than 'viewed' as it requires a lot of thinking on the part of readers, while viewing, the torrent of dialogues does not give ample time and space to 'think'? Or is it that the audio- visuals help in better understanding of the play?

Ans. According to me the reading and viewing both can be beneficial and required of the play. Because if you only watch the movie then it can be bore. Because it has the continous dialogues and less action. For the understanding of the deeper philosophy one has to read the play. Only reading also makes you boring because you will not be able to imagine Vladimir and Estragon and their useless action. We have to done both the things in the class which enriched our understanding of the play.

12) Which of the following sequence you liked the most:

•  Vladimir-Estragon killing time in questions and conversationa while waiting
• Pozzo-Lucky episode in both acts
• Conversation of Vladimir with the boy

Ans. I liked the most the conversation of Vladimir with the boy because except this all are boring and meaningless in some extent, while the conversation with the feel the energy and curiosity in the play because that boy was the messenger of Godot and also that boy frightened Vladimir for telling about Godot. So, first conversation with the boy was the hope for Vladimir and second conversation somewhat despair and revealed Vladimir's selfishness.

13)  Did you feel the effect of existential crisis or meaninglessness of human existence in the irrational and indifference Universe during screening of the movie? Where and when exactly that feeling was felt, if ever it was?

Ans. yes, we feel the effect of Existetial crisis or meaninglessness of human existence in the irrational and indifference Universe when Vladimir asked to the boy about Godot and he asked that Godot will come today or not? That time boy replied that Godot will come tomorrow but Godot never come throughout the play so we can find the meaningless waiting for Godot. And other meaninglessness we find in the character of Lucky that when his master go blind though he doing slavery like sheeple. Hemce, we can say that life is meaningless for Lucky because they even don't think about freedom.

14)  Vladimir and Estragon talks about ‘hanging’ themselves and commit suicide, but they do not do so. How do you read this idea of suicide in Existentialism?

Ans. We can find the suicide is an art in existentialism. We watched one of the video it talks about the philosophical suicide but in the play Vladimir is a strong believer of Christianity and suicide is the sin in Christianity and we also can say that Estragon and Vladimir avoid suicide because they have hope for Godot.


15) Can we do any political reading of the play if we see European nations represented by the 'names' of the characters (Vladimir - Russia; Estragon - France; Pozzo - Italy and Lucky - England)? What interpretation can be inferred from the play written just after World War II? Which country stands for 'Godot'?

So far as Pozzo and Lucky [master and slave] are concerned, we have to remember that Beckett was a disciple of Joyce and that Joyce hated England. Beckett meant Pozzo to be England, and Lucky to be Ireland." (Bert Lahr who played Estragon in Broadway production). Does this reading make any sense? Why? How? What?

Ans. Yes, we can interpret the political reading in which Vladimir stand for Russia, Pozzo stand for Italy, Lucky stand for England and Estragon stand for France. So, we can connect this to the world war in which these all countries destroyed by Godot means Germany that is why Vladimir asked to the boy that is Godot beating? Then boy replied yes. So we connect Godot with Germany means Hitler, who destroyed many countries and killed thousands of people. And other interpretation of Pozzo and Lucky master and slave in which we connect Pozzo with England and Lucky with Ireland, so in this matter Ireland struggling a lot with England and recently we have seen Brexit pact.

16) The more the things change, the more it remains similar. There seems to have no change in Act I and Act II of the play. Even the conversation between Vladimir and the Boy sounds almost similar. But there is one major change. In Act I, in reply to Boy;s question, Vladimir says: 

"BOY: What am I to tell Mr. Godot, Sir?

VLADIMIR: 

 Tell him . . . (he hesitates) . . . tell him you saw us. (Pause.) You did see us, didn't you?

How does this conversation go in Act II? Is there any change in seeming similar situation and conversation? If so, what is it? What does it signify?

Ans. Yes, there is change in both acts. In act1 Vladimir told to the boy that tell Godot that you saw us. So, here Vladimir taked about both Vladimir and Estragon while in second act Vladimir told the boy that tell Godot that you saw me, so here Vkadimir talked about his self he does not mention the name of Estragon. So, in act 2 Vladimir seems selfish.

The Birthday Party

The Birthday Party 

    This blog is a part of post viewing task of the play "the Birthday Party" written by Harold Pinter in 1957 and directed by William Friedkin, a 1968 film in which our Professor Dr.Dilip Barad sir gave us task to interpret the movie. Here is the blog link of the given task 

Post-Viewing Tasks:

• Why are two scenes of Lulu omitted from the movie?

Ans. I think director do not want to change the tone of the genre of the play in the movie. "The Birthday Party" is a comedy of menace and it means a dangerous or threatening quality. So, if director show Lulu's scene then it seems somewhat romantic but here, in the movie director shows us a very threatening scene of rape in blackout so this genre keep its quality so two scenes of Lulu omitted from the movie.

•    Is movie successful in giving us the effect of menace? Where you able to feel it while reading the text?

Ans. yes, the movie giving a successful effect of menace. While we are reading the play at some level it creates that kind of effect but not that much like film does because the audio and visual effects are more effective that reading text. In the movie, we find the effect of menace clearly in the interrogation scene where the number of the question asked and through the loud sound effect and Stanley was sweating in fear and frustration and when Stanley hears about the two strangers he runs in a fear.

•         Do you feel the effect of lurking danger while viewing the movie? Where you able to feel the same while reading the text

Ans. Yes, throughout the movie we can find the effect of lurking danger when door knocking and in the interrogation scenes. Furthermore, we can find the lurking danger when Mccain tears news paper in pieces. In the play we can find when we think who drive the car where s/he going and interrogation scene of text.

• What do you read in 'newspaper' in the movie? Petey is reading newspaper to Meg, it torn into pieces by McCain, pieces are hidden by Petey in last scene.

Ans. There are various interpretations of the news paper. In the first scene we see that Petey read news paper and Meg doing household work so in this we can say that newspaper stand for intellectual personality and in other way we can say that Petey is more connected with current scenario of the outside world when Meg is limited to the house. Another interpretation is when we see the Mccain torn the news paper into pieces it shows the ill motive of him that he wants to destroy Stanley as newspaper.

• Camera is positioned over the head of McCain when he is playing Blind Man's Buff and is positioned at the top with a view of room like a cage (trap) when Stanley is playing it. What interpretations can you give to these positioning of camera? 

Ans. Camera is positioned over the head of Mccain when he is playing blind man's buff and view of the camera from the roof of the room like a cage or trap. When Stanley is playing the game, it shows that Stanley can't escape from the trap created by two strangers.

"Pinter restored theater to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of one another and pretense crumbles." (Pinter, Art, Truth & Politics: Excerpts from the 2005 Nobel Lecture). Does this happen in the movie?

Ans. yes, some extent it happens in the movie. Everyone has love and care for each other for instance Meg, lulu and Petey show care for Stanley but at the end when Stanley is in problem no one can helps or even care. So, we can connect this with America and and other countries for example, when many Muslim countries have care and love for other Muslim countries but when America opposes any country like Iran and Iraq then Saudi Arabia can not do anything like Petey, Meg can not do for Stanley because power make them underdog.

How does viewing movie help in better understanding of the play ‘The Birthday Party’ with its typical characteristics (like painteresque, pause, silence, menace, lurking danger)?

Ans. Some rightly quoted that an image worth than thousand words, so obviously viewing movie help in better understanding of the play. We can not understand the silence, pause, pianteresque, menace and lurking danger through text but we can understand through visual images and pictures. So, camera angle helps us a lot to understand this kind of play.

With which of the following observations you agree:

o “It probably wasn't possible to make a satisfactory film of "The Birthday Party."
o “It's impossible to imagine a better film of Pinter's play than this sensitive, disturbing version directed by William Friedkin”

Ans. I agree to the second point that "It's impossible to imagine a better film of Pinter's play than this sensitive, disturbing version directed by William Friedkin" because it is very loyal to the text and in so many years other directors couldn't not make this kind of movie.

If you were director or screenplay writer, what sort of difference would you make in the making of movie?

Ans. If I was director or screenplay of this movie I also make Tree movie because I can't find any mistake in settings or in any characters.

Who would be your choice of actors to play the role of characters?

My choice of actors are:

Stanley- Nawazuddin Siddiqui

Goldberg- Irfan Khan

Mccain- Saif Ali Khan

Lulu- Kubra Sait (Kuku)

Petey- Nasruddin Shah

Meg- Kirron Khair

ELT-1

Name :- Hetal  . D. Dabhi
Paper name :- ELT -1
Sem:-  3
Years :- 2018-20
Submitted to :- Smt S. B Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Basic skills of teaching and learning English Language

When we learn a language, there are four skills that we need for complete communication. When we learn our native language, we usually learn to listen first, then to speak, then to read, and finally to write. These are called the four "language skills":

• Skill #1 Listening
• Skill #2: Speaking
• Skill #3: Reading
• Skill #4: Writing

 The four language skills are related to each other in two ways:

• the direction of communication (in or out)
• the method of communication (spoken or written)

Input is sometimes called "reception" and output is sometimes called "production". Spoken is also known as "oral".

Note that these four language skills are sometimes called the "macro-skills". This is in contrast to the "micro-skills", which are things like grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.

• Reference,

https://www.englishclub.com

Listening

                   You should understand the main ideas of most speech in a standard dialect. You should demonstrate an emerging awareness of culturally implied meanings beyond the surface meanings of the text.

Speaking

                    You should be understood without difficulty by natives, and converse in a clear and participatory fashion. You should be able to initiate, sustain, and bring closure to a wide variety of communicative tasks. You should be able to narrate and describe concrete and abstract topics using sustained, connected discourse.

Reading

You should easily follow the essential points of written text.You should be able to understand parts of texts which are conceptually abstract and linguistically complex.

 Writing

                                        You should be able to address a variety of topics with significant precision and detail. You should be able to write competently about topics relating to particular interests and write clearly about special fields of competence. You should be able to organize writings with a sense of theoretical structure.
External Links:

Watch Video  for Speaking Real English
• Reference,

www.bchmsg.yolasite.com skills